Respiratory examination

Position

Position - patient should sit upright on the examination table. The patient's hands should remain at their sides. When the back is examined the patient is usually asked to move their arms forward (hug themself position) so that the scapulae are not in the way of examining the upper lung fields. as many physicians around world request

The basic steps of the examination can be remembered with the mnemonic IPPA:
>Inspection
>Palpation
>Percussion
>Auscultation

Inspection

Tracheal deviation (can suggest of tension pneumothorax)

Chest wall deformities
>Kyphosis - curvature of the spine - anterior-posterior
>Scoliosis - curvature of the spine - lateral
>Barrel chest - chest wall increased anterior-posterior; normal in children; typical of >hyperinflation seen in COPD
>Pectus excavatum - sternum sunken into the chest
>Pectus carinatum - sternum protruding from the chest

Signs of respiratory distress
>Cyanosis - person turns blue
>Pursed-lip breathing - seen in COPD (used to increase end expiratory pressure)
>Accessory muscle use (scalene muscles)
>Diaphragmatic paradox - the diaphragm moves opposite of the normal direction on inspiration; >suspect flail segment in trauma
>Intercostal indrawing

Palpation
>Tracheal deviation - check whether trachea is in centre line.
>Tactile fremitus - the patient says boy-O-boy or ninety-nine, whilst physician sense with ulnar >aspect of hand for changes in sound conduction.
>Respiratory expansion - check whether expansion is equal
>Location of apex beat - check if there has been deviation of heart

Percussion



Middle finger strikes the middle phalanx of the other middle finger. The sides of the chest are compared.
>dullness indicates consolidation
>hyper-resonance (as can be simulated by percussing the inflated cheek) suggests a pneumothorax
>diaphragmatic excursion - normal is 3 to 6 cm.

Auscultation

>Inspiratory crackles (decompensated congestive heart failure)
>Expiratory wheezes (asthma, emphysema)
>Stridor and other upper airway sounds
>Bronchial vs. vesicular breath sounds
>Appropriate ratio of inspiration to expiration time (expiration time increased in COPD)